What is the primary role of interferons in the immune response?

Interferons play a critical role in the immune response primarily by interfering with viral replication within cells. These are signaling proteins produced and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens, particularly viruses. Once released, interferons bind to the receptors on neighboring cells, triggering a cascade of responses that prepare those cells to resist viral infection. This includes the induction of proteins that degrade viral RNA and inhibit protein synthesis, which effectively hampers the ability of the virus to replicate and spread.

This mechanism is crucial, as it not only limits the multiplication of viruses but also enhances the immune system's ability to detect and eliminate virus-infected cells. Interferons can also promote the activation of immune cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages, although their primary and most immediate effect is in restricting viral replication.